Farmers throughout New Zealand rely on forage crops for high-yielding, energy-rich, and cost-effective for grazing. However, some may be missing out on yield potential. The physical and chemical fertility of your soil has a huge influence over your crop’s success. To maximise returns this year, here are some things to look out for before planting:
Picking your paddock
The right paddock is the most important factor in determining yield potential. Not all paddocks are created equally, some on your farm may not be suitable for crop production. To avoid paddocks with low yield potential, be on the lookout for:
º Temperature limitations, such as gully’s shielded from the sun
ºMoisture limitations, like you find on north facing slopes
ºPoor drainage and/or the potential to be wet through spring
ºLow organic matter, like continually cropped paddocks
ºSoil compaction.
Soil structure
Good soil structure is necessary for root development. Compaction prevents proper development and root elongation, so identifying it is vital. Dig a hole to examine its condition. Compacted soil has a dense, hard layer with restricted root penetration. You want soil with a loose, crumbly texture and visible air pockets. Sub-soiling or ripping prior to cultivation breaks up the hard layer and rectifies compaction issues while improving water movement and root penetration.
Soil testing
Once you have selected an appropriate paddock, conduct a soil test to a depth of 15 cm. Without a soil test, you are growing using guess work. This small investment pays dividends and helps maximise potential. With results in hand, your industry professional can recommend the correct amount of fertiliser needed to grow the current crop and ensure soil fertility is maintained at optimum levels for future crops.
Nutrients
Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are the most common nutrients needed by forage crops and will be applied in the greatest quantities. However, Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), and Magnesium (Mg) are also needed, though in much smaller amounts. P is important during early root development, so should be placed near the seed at sowing. Maintaining an optimal soil pH, 6.0 to 6.2, determines nutrient availability and overall soil health.
When formulating your fertiliser plan, consider what crop is following your forage crop planting. This allows your plan to feed the current crop and leaves the soil’s chemical fertility at an optimal level for the next crop or pasture.
